Deteção de ataques de negação de serviços distribuídos na origem

From year to year new records of the amount of traffic in an attack are established, which demonstrate not only the constant presence of distributed denialof-service attacks, but also its evolution, demarcating itself from the other network threats. The increasing importance of resource availability alongside the security debate on network devices and infrastructures is continuous, given the preponderant role in both the home and corporate domains. In the face of the constant threat, the latest network security systems have been applying pattern recognition techniques to infer, detect, and react more quickly and assertively. This dissertation proposes methodologies to infer network activities patterns, based on their traffic: follows a behavior previously defined as normal, or if there are deviations that raise suspicions about the normality of the action in the network. It seems that the future of network defense systems continues in this direction, not only by increasing amount of traffic, but also by the diversity of actions, services and entities that reflect different patterns, thus contributing to the detection of anomalous activities on the network. The methodologies propose the collection of metadata, up to the transport layer of the osi model, which will then be processed by the machien learning algorithms in order to classify the underlying action. Intending to contribute beyond denial-of-service attacks and the network domain, the methodologies were described in a generic way, in order to be applied in other scenarios of greater or less complexity. The third chapter presents a proof of concept with attack vectors that marked the history and a few evaluation metrics that allows to compare the different classifiers as to their success rate, given the various activities in the network and inherent dynamics. The various tests show flexibility, speed and accuracy of the various classification algorithms, setting the bar between 90 and 99 percent.De ano para ano são estabelecidos novos recordes de quantidade de tráfego num ataque, que demonstram não só a presença constante de ataques de negação de serviço distribuídos, como também a sua evolução, demarcando-se das outras ameaças de rede. A crescente importância da disponibilidade de recursos a par do debate sobre a segurança nos dispositivos e infraestruturas de rede é contínuo, dado o papel preponderante tanto no dominio doméstico como no corporativo. Face à constante ameaça, os sistemas de segurança de rede mais recentes têm vindo a aplicar técnicas de reconhecimento de padrões para inferir, detetar e reagir de forma mais rápida e assertiva. Esta dissertação propõe metodologias para inferir padrões de atividades na rede, tendo por base o seu tráfego: se segue um comportamento previamente definido como normal, ou se existem desvios que levantam suspeitas sobre normalidade da ação na rede. Tudo indica que o futuro dos sistemas de defesa de rede continuará neste sentido, servindo-se não só do crescente aumento da quantidade de tráfego, como também da diversidade de ações, serviços e entidades que refletem padrões distintos contribuindo assim para a deteção de atividades anómalas na rede. As metodologias propõem a recolha de metadados, até á camada de transporte, que seguidamente serão processados pelos algoritmos de aprendizagem automática com o objectivo de classificar a ação subjacente. Pretendendo que o contributo fosse além dos ataques de negação de serviço e do dominio de rede, as metodologias foram descritas de forma tendencialmente genérica, de forma a serem aplicadas noutros cenários de maior ou menos complexidade. No quarto capítulo é apresentada uma prova de conceito com vetores de ataques que marcaram a história e, algumas métricas de avaliação que permitem comparar os diferentes classificadores quanto à sua taxa de sucesso, face às várias atividades na rede e inerentes dinâmicas. Os vários testes mostram flexibilidade, rapidez e precisão dos vários algoritmos de classificação, estabelecendo a fasquia entre os 90 e os 99 por cento.Mestrado em Engenharia de Computadores e Telemátic

Aplicación de la Economía Circular en la Construcción Civil

O impacto do consumo humano de materiais e energia exercido sobre o ambiente tem ganhado maior relevância nas últimas décadas, sendo a poluição uma emergência a ser resolvida, visto que a geração de resíduos é um de seus principais fatores. A gestão e redução destes devem ser pensadas nos diversos setores da sociedade, inclusive nos empreendimentos de construção civil, onde os estudos que abordem a temática são recentes. Logo, o objetivo deste trabalho é revisar os conceitos de economia circular e analisar a sua aplicação na indústria de construção civil de acordo com os tipos de resíduos gerados, visando suscitar propostas de aplicação. Para isso, o estudo se baseou em um levantamento bibliográfico aprofundado em artigos, documentos técnicos e trabalhos monográficos, seguido de uma análise sobre as informações conseguidas. Como resultados principais, foi possível perceber as pesquisas em relação a aplicação dos conceitos de economia circular na construção civil estão uma crescente e representam forte tendência da sustentabilidade neste setor.The impact of the human consumption of materials and energy exerted on the environment has gained more relevance in the last decades, being the pollution an emergency to be solved, since the generation of waste is one of its main factors. The management and reduction of these should be considered in the various sectors of society, including civil construction projects, where the studies that approach the subject are recent. Therefore, the objective of this work is to review the concepts of circular economy and analyze its application in the civil construction industry according to the types of waste generated, aiming to elicit proposals of application. For this, the study was based on an in-depth bibliographic survey of articles, technical documents and monographic works, followed by an analysis of the information obtained. As main results, it was possible to perceive the researches regarding the application of the concepts of circular economy in the civil construction are a growing and represent a strong tendency of the sustainability in this sector.El impacto del consumo humano de materiales y energía ejercido sobre el medio ambiente ha ganado mayor relevancia en las últimas décadas, siendo la contaminación una emergencia a ser resuelta, ya que la generación de residuos es uno de sus principales factores. La gestión y reducción de estos deben ser pensadas en los diversos sectores de la sociedad, incluso en los emprendimientos de construcción civil, donde los estudios que aborden la temática son recientes. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este trabajo es revisar los conceptos de economía circular y analizar su aplicación en la industria de la construcción civil de acuerdo con los tipos de residuos generados, con el fin de suscitar propuestas de aplicación. Para ello, el estudio se basó en un levantamiento bibliográfico profundizado en artículos, documentos técnicos y trabajos monográficos, seguido de un análisis sobre la información obtenida. Como resultados principales, fue posible percibir las investigaciones en relación a la aplicación de los conceptos de economía circular en la construcción civil están una creciente y representan fuerte tendencia de la sostenibilidad en este sector

Aplicação da Economia Circular na Construção Civil

The impact of the human consumption of materials and energy exerted on the environment has gained more relevance in the last decades, being the pollution an emergency to be solved, since the generation of waste is one of its main factors. The management and reduction of these should be considered in the various sectors of society, including civil construction projects, where the studies that approach the subject are recent. Therefore, the objective of this work is to review the concepts of circular economy and analyze its application in the civil construction industry according to the types of waste generated, aiming to elicit proposals of application. For this, the study was based on an in-depth bibliographic survey of articles, technical documents and monographic works, followed by an analysis of the information obtained. As main results, it was possible to perceive the researches regarding the application of the concepts of circular economy in the civil construction are a growing and represent a strong tendency of the sustainability in this sector.O impacto do consumo humano de materiais e energia exercido sobre o ambiente tem ganhado maior relevância nas últimas décadas, sendo a poluição uma emergência a ser resolvida, visto que a geração de resíduos é um de seus principais fatores. A gestão e redução destes devem ser pensadas nos diversos setores da sociedade, inclusive nos empreendimentos de construção civil, onde os estudos que abordem a temática são recentes. Logo, o objetivo deste trabalho é revisar os conceitos de economia circular e analisar a sua aplicação na indústria de construção civil de acordo com os tipos de resíduos gerados, visando suscitar propostas de aplicação. Para isso, o estudo se baseou em um levantamento bibliográfico aprofundado em artigos, documentos técnicos e trabalhos monográficos, seguido de uma análise sobre as informações conseguidas. Como resultados principais, foi possível perceber as pesquisas em relação a aplicação dos conceitos de economia circular na construção civil estão uma crescente e representam forte tendência da sustentabilidade neste setor.El impacto del consumo humano de materiales y energía ejercido sobre el medio ambiente ha ganado mayor relevancia en las últimas décadas, siendo la contaminación una emergencia a ser resuelta, ya que la generación de residuos es uno de sus principales factores. La gestión y reducción de estos deben ser pensadas en los diversos sectores de la sociedad, incluso en los emprendimientos de construcción civil, donde los estudios que aborden la temática son recientes. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este trabajo es revisar los conceptos de economía circular y analizar su aplicación en la industria de la construcción civil de acuerdo con los tipos de residuos generados, con el fin de suscitar propuestas de aplicación. Para ello, el estudio se basó en un levantamiento bibliográfico profundizado en artículos, documentos técnicos y trabajos monográficos, seguido de un análisis sobre la información obtenida. Como resultados principales, fue posible percibir las investigaciones en relación a la aplicación de los conceptos de economía circular en la construcción civil están una creciente y representan fuerte tendencia de la sostenibilidad en este sector

Potential Risk of Agrochemical Leaching in Areas of Edaphoclimatic Suitability for Coffee Cultivation

Studies show that agricultural activities around the world still present a strong dependence on agrochemicals that can leach into the soil profile, causing its contamination, as well as that of water resources. In this context, the present study evaluates the potential risk of pesticide leaching in areas of edaphoclimatic suitability for coffee cultivation in Espírito Santo state, Brazil. As a methodology, the areas of edaphoclimatic suitability for conilon and arabica coffee were defined, and subsequently, the risk of leaching of active agrochemical ingredients in these areas was evaluated using the Groundwater Ubiquity Score (GUS), Leaching Index (LIX) and Attenuation Factor/Retardation Factor (AF/RF) methods. Of the ten active ingredients evaluated, sulfentrazone and thiamethoxam present a potential risk of leaching into the groundwater level. The study allowed us to evaluate the potential risk of agrochemical leaching in tropical soils cultivated with coffee using geographic information system (GIS) techniques. The methodological proposal can be adapted for other agricultural areas and crops

Potential Risk of Agrochemical Leaching in Areas of Edaphoclimatic Suitability for Coffee Cultivation

Studies show that agricultural activities around the world still present a strong dependence on agrochemicals that can leach into the soil profile, causing its contamination, as well as that of water resources. In this context, the present study evaluates the potential risk of pesticide leaching in areas of edaphoclimatic suitability for coffee cultivation in Espírito Santo state, Brazil. As a methodology, the areas of edaphoclimatic suitability for conilon and arabica coffee were defined, and subsequently, the risk of leaching of active agrochemical ingredients in these areas was evaluated using the Groundwater Ubiquity Score (GUS), Leaching Index (LIX) and Attenuation Factor/Retardation Factor (AF/RF) methods. Of the ten active ingredients evaluated, sulfentrazone and thiamethoxam present a potential risk of leaching into the groundwater level. The study allowed us to evaluate the potential risk of agrochemical leaching in tropical soils cultivated with coffee using geographic information system (GIS) techniques. The methodological proposal can be adapted for other agricultural areas and crops

Brazilian Flora 2020: Leveraging the power of a collaborative scientific network

International audienceThe shortage of reliable primary taxonomic data limits the description of biological taxa and the understanding of biodiversity patterns and processes, complicating biogeographical, ecological, and evolutionary studies. This deficit creates a significant taxonomic impediment to biodiversity research and conservation planning. The taxonomic impediment and the biodiversity crisis are widely recognized, highlighting the urgent need for reliable taxonomic data. Over the past decade, numerous countries worldwide have devoted considerable effort to Target 1 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC), which called for the preparation of a working list of all known plant species by 2010 and an online world Flora by 2020. Brazil is a megadiverse country, home to more of the world's known plant species than any other country. Despite that, Flora Brasiliensis, concluded in 1906, was the last comprehensive treatment of the Brazilian flora. The lack of accurate estimates of the number of species of algae, fungi, and plants occurring in Brazil contributes to the prevailing taxonomic impediment and delays progress towards the GSPC targets. Over the past 12 years, a legion of taxonomists motivated to meet Target 1 of the GSPC, worked together to gather and integrate knowledge on the algal, plant, and fungal diversity of Brazil. Overall, a team of about 980 taxonomists joined efforts in a highly collaborative project that used cybertaxonomy to prepare an updated Flora of Brazil, showing the power of scientific collaboration to reach ambitious goals. This paper presents an overview of the Brazilian Flora 2020 and provides taxonomic and spatial updates on the algae, fungi, and plants found in one of the world's most biodiverse countries. We further identify collection gaps and summarize future goals that extend beyond 2020. Our results show that Brazil is home to 46,975 native species of algae, fungi, and plants, of which 19,669 are endemic to the country. The data compiled to date suggests that the Atlantic Rainforest might be the most diverse Brazilian domain for all plant groups except gymnosperms, which are most diverse in the Amazon. However, scientific knowledge of Brazilian diversity is still unequally distributed, with the Atlantic Rainforest and the Cerrado being the most intensively sampled and studied biomes in the country. In times of “scientific reductionism”, with botanical and mycological sciences suffering pervasive depreciation in recent decades, the first online Flora of Brazil 2020 significantly enhanced the quality and quantity of taxonomic data available for algae, fungi, and plants from Brazil. This project also made all the information freely available online, providing a firm foundation for future research and for the management, conservation, and sustainable use of the Brazilian funga and flora